Cultural Etiquette: 40+ Countries
Being a respectful traveler is not about knowing every rule โ it is about approaching each culture with curiosity, humility, and the willingness to observe before acting.
Key to symbols: - ๐ Shoes off at entry - ๐ Shoes on acceptable - ๐ค Shake hands - ๐ Bow / namaste - ๐ฐ Tipping expected - ๐ซ Tipping offensive
EAST ASIA
๐ฏ๐ต Japan
Greeting: Bow (ojigi). Depth indicates respect: 15ยฐ casual, 30ยฐ respectful, 45ยฐ deep apology or reverence. Handshakes with foreigners are acceptable. Never bow while shaking hands โ it looks awkward.
Shoes: ๐ Remove at home entrances (genkan), traditional ryokan, many temples, and some restaurants. Look for slippers by the door. Separate bathroom slippers are often provided โ swap in and out.
Dining: - Say itadakimasu before eating and gochisลsama deshita after - Never stick chopsticks upright in rice (funeral imagery) - Never pass food chopstick-to-chopstick (funeral ritual) - Slurping noodles is not rude โ it is complimentary - Do not eat or drink while walking
Tipping: ๐ซ Never tip. This can cause confusion and offense. Excellent service is expected as a matter of professional pride, not for extra compensation.
Gift giving: Gifts are common and appreciated. Present and receive with both hands. Never give four items (death number). Wrap beautifully โ presentation matters as much as content. Recipients often do not open gifts immediately.
Major taboos: Direct disagreement or saying "no" outright; asking personal questions too early; blowing nose in public (step away); speaking loudly on trains; tattoos may bar entry to onsens.
Dress code: Conservative for temples; smart casual for urban social settings. Cover tattoos where possible.
Photography: Ask permission for portraits. No photos at many shrines and temple interiors. Photography on trains is frowned upon.
Haggling: Not expected. Prices are set.
๐จ๐ณ China
Greeting: Handshake is now standard. A slight nod or bow is also appropriate. Business cards: offer and receive with both hands; study the card before putting it away.
Shoes: Varies by household โ follow the host's lead.
Dining: - The host pays โ do not fight too hard over the bill (offer once or twice, then accept gracefully) - Dishes are shared; do not take the last piece without offering it first - Leaving a small amount of food signals you were well-fed - Bones and seeds can be placed on the table or a side dish โ spitting them out is common
Tipping: Not traditionally expected. In tourist areas and Western-style restaurants, 10% is increasingly appreciated but not required.
Gift giving: Good gifts: quality liquor, tea, fruit baskets. Avoid clocks (symbolize death), green hats (infidelity connotation), pears (homophone for "separate"), shoes. Give in even numbers (avoid 4).
Major taboos: Discussing Taiwan, Tibet, or Tiananmen critically; questioning the government; number 4 (tetraphobia).
Dress code: Smart casual in cities; conservative at religious sites.
Photography: Avoid photographing military sites, police, or politically sensitive areas. Always ask about temples.
Haggling: Expected in markets; not in malls or official shops.
๐ฐ๐ท South Korea
Greeting: A slight bow. Handshakes are common in business โ often with the left hand supporting the right forearm as a sign of respect.
Shoes: ๐ Remove at traditional restaurants (floor seating), homes, and many guesthouses.
Dining: - The eldest or most senior person begins eating first - Use both hands when giving or receiving food/drink - Pouring drinks for others, not yourself, is the norm - Do not finish your drink completely โ a full glass means you do not want more; empty means refill me
Tipping: Not expected or practiced. Servers may be confused or embarrassed.
Gift giving: Bring quality fruit, pastries, or quality branded items. Present with both hands. Avoid red ink (associated with death). Four of anything is unlucky.
Major taboos: Refusing a drink offered by an elder (accept, then sip); writing names in red ink.
Dress code: Very appearance-conscious culture; dress neatly. Conservative at temples.
Photography: Ask permission at temples and traditional villages.
Haggling: Traditional markets yes; normal shops no.
๐ฎ๐ณ India
Greeting: ๐ The namaste (palms together, slight bow) is universal and always appropriate. Handshakes are common among men in urban areas; wait for a woman to extend her hand first.
Shoes: ๐ Remove at all Hindu, Muslim, Sikh, and Jain religious sites. Remove before entering homes.
Dining: - Eat with the right hand (the left hand is considered unclean) - Accepting food or hospitality when offered is respectful โ refusing can cause offense - In many households, women eat after men - It is polite to leave a small amount on your plate
Tipping: 10% at sit-down restaurants where service charge is not included. Small tips to drivers, hotel staff, and guides are expected.
Gift giving: Sweets are always appreciated. Avoid leather (sacred cow); avoid alcohol for observant Hindus/Muslims. White flowers are funerary. Give/receive with right hand or both hands.
Major taboos: Pointing feet at people or religious images; using left hand for greeting or eating; public displays of affection beyond hand-holding in many regions.
Dress code: Conservative, especially for women; shoulders and knees covered at temples and mosques. Many temples require covering the head (scarves provided or bring your own).
Photography: Always ask at temples. Never photograph military installations. Many people are happy to be photographed; some are not โ read the situation.
Haggling: Expected in markets and with auto-rickshaws. Agree on price before getting in any rickshaw or taxi without a meter.
๐น๐ญ Thailand
Greeting: ๐ The wai โ palms pressed together, slight bow. Height of hands shows respect (forehead level for monks; chin level for elders and superiors; chest level for peers). Do not wai service staff who are serving you.
Shoes: ๐ Remove before entering temples and homes.
Dining: - Spoons are the primary eating utensil; forks push food onto the spoon - Chopsticks for noodle soups only - It is impolite to waste food - Never drop or point chopsticks
Tipping: 10โ20 baht at casual restaurants; 10โ15% at nicer establishments. Tipping is appreciated, not mandatory.
Gift giving: Bring fruits or pastries. Do not give marigolds (funerary). Wrap gifts โ the act of wrapping shows care.
Major taboos: Criticizing or showing disrespect to the royal family is illegal and taken very seriously. Never touch someone's head (highest point, most sacred). Pointing feet at people or Buddha images is very rude.
Dress code: Cover shoulders and knees for temples; sarongs often available to borrow at major temples. Long pants or skirt for Grand Palace.
Photography: Ask permission to photograph monks. Photography inside temple buildings often restricted.
Haggling: Expected at markets; not at malls or 7-Eleven.
๐ป๐ณ Vietnam
Greeting: A slight bow and smile is universally safe. Handshakes are common in business. Older people are addressed with specific honorifics based on relative age.
Shoes: ๐ Remove at temples, pagodas, and many homes.
Dining: - Rice bowls are held up near the mouth - Offer food to elders before serving yourself - Refuse food at least once before accepting โ a social ritual
Tipping: Not traditional but increasingly appreciated in tourist areas. 10โ15% in tourist restaurants; tip guides generously.
Gift giving: Fruit, quality tea, or chocolates. Avoid handkerchiefs (associated with grief).
Major taboos: Being visibly annoyed or raising your voice in public (loss of face); criticizing Ho Chi Minh; discussing the war insensitively.
Photography: Ask in pagodas. Do not photograph military sites or government buildings.
Haggling: Very much expected in markets. Start low (50% of asking price) and work up.
๐ฎ๐ฉ Indonesia
Greeting: Handshake (light, with right hand). In Muslim areas, men may press the hand to the chest after shaking. Use "Selamat pagi/siang/malam" (morning/afternoon/evening).
Shoes: ๐ Remove at mosques and many homes. Remove before entering a rumah adat (traditional house).
Dining: - Right hand for eating; left hand is unclean - Host usually pays - Saying "belum" (not yet) instead of "tidak" (no) when declining food is more polite
Tipping: Not obligatory but appreciated โ 5โ10% in restaurants; tip guides, drivers.
Gift giving: Food gifts are welcome. Wrap everything. Avoid alcohol for Muslim hosts. Receive with right hand or both hands.
Major taboos: Using left hand; pointing with the index finger (use thumb instead); crossing arms while talking to elders; discussing religious or ethnic tensions.
Dress code: Modest dress everywhere; covered shoulders and knees in religious areas. Women cover head in mosques.
Photography: Ask before photographing ceremonies and individuals.
Haggling: Expected in markets.
MIDDLE EAST & SOUTH ASIA
๐ฆ๐ช UAE (Dubai / Abu Dhabi)
Greeting: ๐ค Handshakes between men. Men should not extend hand to a woman unless she extends first. As-salamu alaykum is a respectful greeting.
Shoes: ๐ Remove at mosques.
Dining: - Accept hospitality โ refusing tea or coffee is impolite - During Ramadan, do not eat, drink, or smoke in public during daylight hours - Alcohol is available in hotels and licensed establishments โ not everywhere
Tipping: 10โ15% at restaurants; taxi round-up. Tips are appreciated and common.
Gift giving: Quality sweets or dates are excellent. Avoid alcohol (unless you know the recipient drinks). High-quality branded items are appreciated.
Major taboos: Public displays of affection are illegal. Drinking or eating in public during Ramadan daytime. Criticizing the ruling family or government.
Dress code: Women: shoulders and knees covered in malls, religious sites, and government buildings. Men: no shorts in mosques. Dubai is relatively liberal; Abu Dhabi is more conservative.
Photography: No photography of government buildings, military, palaces, or airports. Do not photograph local women without permission.
Haggling: Souqs (markets) yes. Malls no.
๐ธ๐ฆ Saudi Arabia
Greeting: Between men: handshake and perhaps touching cheeks. Men do not touch women in public.
Shoes: ๐ Remove at mosques.
Dining: - Eat with right hand - Coffee (Arabic, cardamom-spiced) and dates offered at visits โ always accept - Alcohol is prohibited
Tipping: Not traditional but increasingly practiced; 10% appreciated in tourist-oriented restaurants.
Gift giving: Quality food items, perfume, high-end pens. Avoid alcohol, pork products, and items depicting women.
Major taboos: Criticizing Islam, the royal family, or government. Public mixing of unrelated men and women (this has relaxed somewhat since 2017). Proselytizing non-Islamic faiths.
Dress code: Women should dress conservatively (abaya not legally required for tourists since 2019, but respectful). Men should not wear shorts in conservative areas.
Photography: Very cautious with photography โ ask before anything. No government buildings or religious sites.
Haggling: Expected in traditional markets.
๐น๐ท Turkey
Greeting: Handshake is standard. Close friends may greet with kisses on both cheeks. Merhaba is a universal hello.
Shoes: ๐ Remove at mosques. Follow the host's lead at homes.
Dining: - Hospitality is sacred โ refusing an invitation is considered rude - Tea (รงay) offered everywhere โ accepting is polite - Leaving a small amount of food on the plate indicates you are satisfied
Tipping: 10% in restaurants. Round up for taxis. Not expected in cafes.
Gift giving: Sweets, baklava, or quality tea are excellent. Bring something from home country. Alcohol is appropriate for secular Turks.
Major taboos: Denigrating Turkey, Atatรผrk, or the Turkish flag โ legally sensitive. Discussing Kurds or the Armenian Genocide requires great care.
Dress code: Conservative for mosques (head covering for women, no shorts). Istanbul is liberal; rural eastern Turkey is more conservative.
Photography: Ask at mosques. Do not photograph military installations.
Haggling: Expected in bazaars (Grand Bazaar, Spice Bazaar). Fixed prices elsewhere.
๐ฎ๐ฑ Israel
Greeting: Handshakes are common. Be aware that Orthodox Jewish men may not shake hands with women (and vice versa).
Shoes: ๐ Remove at mosques and some synagogues (not all).
Dining: - Many restaurants are kosher โ do not mix meat and dairy - Shabbat (Friday sundown to Saturday sundown): many businesses closed; do not request work from observant Jews - Friday evenings and Saturday lunches are sacred family times
Tipping: 12โ15% in restaurants. Customary for taxi drivers to round up.
Gift giving: Wine, flowers, chocolates. Be aware of kosher requirements if the recipient is observant.
Major taboos: Discussing Israeli politics without nuance; generalized statements about Judaism or Islam; working or driving in front of observant Jews on Shabbat.
Dress code: Modest at religious sites โ shoulders and knees covered. Jerusalem is far more conservative than Tel Aviv.
Photography: No photography at security areas or military checkpoints.
Haggling: Old City markets yes. Regular shops no.
๐ช๐ฌ Egypt
Greeting: Handshake. Men may greet male friends with a hug or cheek kiss. Ahlan wa sahlan (welcome) is common. Do not refuse hospitality.
Shoes: ๐ Remove at mosques and Coptic churches (often).
Dining: - Right hand for eating - Accepting a second helping is a compliment to the host - Saying "bismillah" before eating is respectful in Muslim households
Tipping: Expected widely โ at restaurants (10โ15%), for bathroom attendants, for guides, for drivers. Carry small bills constantly.
Gift giving: Sweets, pastries, or quality chocolate. Alcohol only if certain the recipient is not observant.
Major taboos: Criticizing the president, military, or Islam. Immodest dress for women. Taking photos of people without permission.
Dress code: Shoulders and knees covered, especially for women. Head scarf required in mosques.
Photography: No photography at airports, military sites, or government buildings. Ask at mosques.
Haggling: Absolutely expected at souqs and tourist sites. Start at a fraction of the asking price.
๐ฒ๐ฆ Morocco
Greeting: Handshake. Close friends and family: cheek kisses. Men often greet by pressing right hand to heart after shaking.
Shoes: ๐ Remove at mosques and many homes.
Dining: - Eat with right hand (or bread if no utensils) - Meals are often from a communal dish - Accept mint tea โ it is an act of hospitality - Leaving a small amount indicates fullness
Tipping: 10โ15% at restaurants. Tip guides well. Tip for any small service.
Gift giving: Pastries, dates, or quality sweets. Avoid alcohol for Muslim hosts.
Major taboos: Criticizing the king (can be illegal). Disrespecting Islam. Public affection.
Dress code: Conservative, especially for women. Cover shoulders and knees. Head covering recommended outside tourist areas.
Photography: Ask before photographing people โ many will want payment. Be careful photographing souq workers.
Haggling: Very much expected everywhere except fixed-price shops.
๐ฎ๐ท Iran
Greeting: Handshakes between same-gender only. Men do not shake hands with unrelated women; women may initiate with foreign men.
Shoes: ๐ Remove at mosques and shrines.
Dining: - Ta'arof โ a system of ritual politeness: always decline an offer once or twice before accepting; the host will insist - Eating with hands is common in traditional homes - Alcohol is prohibited
Tipping: Not traditional; small tips are appreciated for guides.
Major taboos: Criticizing the Islamic Republic government, the Supreme Leader, or Islam in public. Dress is legally enforced.
Dress code: Women must wear hijab in public (head covering, long loose clothing). Men: no shorts in public. Enforced by law.
Photography: No government buildings, military sites, or security checkpoints.
Haggling: Expected in bazaars.
๐ต๐ฐ Pakistan
Greeting: Assalamu alaikum is the standard respectful greeting. Handshake between men. Men do not initiate contact with women.
Shoes: ๐ Remove at mosques and shrines. Often at homes.
Dining: - Right hand only - Guests are treated with great honor โ hospitality is paramount - Alcohol not widely available
Tipping: 10% at restaurants in cities; tip drivers and guides.
Dress code: Modest dress essential โ long sleeves, long pants/skirt. Women cover head in religious areas.
Photography: Ask permission. No military or security areas.
Haggling: Expected in markets.
AFRICA
๐ฐ๐ช Kenya
Greeting: Handshake is standard โ can be long and lingering (a sign of trust). Friends: hug or shoulder bump. Jambo (Swahili hello) is always appreciated.
Shoes: Follow the host's lead at homes.
Dining: - Meals in traditional households may be eaten communally from one pot - Guests eat first - Ugali (corn flour staple) is eaten with the right hand
Tipping: 10โ15% at tourist restaurants. Tip safari guides and drivers generously ($10โ15/day). Small tips appreciated everywhere.
Gift giving: Quality food items, children's school supplies, or household goods.
Major taboos: Do not photograph individuals in traditional Maasai and other communities without permission and compensation.
Dress code: Smart casual in cities. Modest at coastal and Muslim areas (Mombasa region). Conservative inland.
Photography: Always ask permission, especially in rural areas. Many communities expect payment.
Haggling: Expected at curio markets. Not in shops.
๐ฟ๐ฆ South Africa
Greeting: Handshake; in townships, you may encounter the three-part handshake (grip, thumb clasp, regular grip). Sawubona (isiZulu, "I see you") is a meaningful greeting.
Shoes: Follow the host's lead.
Dining: - Braai (BBQ) is a cultural institution โ accept any invitation - Offering to bring something (meat or drinks) to a braai is expected - Do not discuss apartheid-era politics without sensitivity
Tipping: 10โ15% at restaurants. Tip petrol station attendants, car guards, and safari guides.
Gift giving: Wine (SA has world-class wine), chocolate, or quality food items.
Major taboos: Racial generalizations; discussing race carelessly; photographing townships without respectful engagement.
Photography: Ask permission everywhere. In townships, engage a guide.
Haggling: Curio markets yes. Shops no.
๐ณ๐ฌ Nigeria
Greeting: Handshake. Elders: a slight bow or kneeling is respectful, especially in Yoruba culture. Nno (Igbo), แบธ kรกarแปฬ (Yoruba), or Sannu (Hausa) are culturally specific greetings.
Shoes: Remove at traditional and religious ceremonies. Follow the host's lead.
Dining: - Communal dining is common - Eat with right hand in traditional settings - Refusing food can be taken as suspicion of poisoning โ accept and taste at minimum
Tipping: 10% at restaurants. Tip drivers and helpers.
Gift giving: Quality food items, alcohol (in non-Muslim areas), clothing.
Dress code: Smart dress is important โ looking well-dressed earns respect. Modest at mosques. Traditional attire at ceremonies.
Photography: Ask permission. Government buildings are sensitive.
Haggling: Expected in markets.
EUROPE
๐ฌ๐ง United Kingdom
Greeting: Handshake for formal occasions. Close friends: hug or cheek kiss (one, two, or three depending on region/social circle โ follow their lead).
Shoes: Usually kept on indoors, but some households ask you to remove them.
Dining: - Knife in right hand, fork in left โ do not switch (as in USA) - Dinner is the evening meal; "tea" can mean afternoon tea (cakes) or the evening meal in working-class contexts - Rounds at the pub: buying a round for the group is expected etiquette
Tipping: 10โ15% at restaurants if service charge not already added. Not expected in pubs for drinks (occasionally for table service). Round up taxis.
Gift giving: Wine, chocolates, flowers (avoid white lilies โ funerary). Bring a bottle if invited to dinner.
Major taboos: Cutting in a queue. Asking someone's salary. Talking too loudly in public.
Dress code: Smart casual for dinners and events. Pubs are casual.
Photography: Generally relaxed. Private property and no-photo signs should be respected.
Haggling: Generally not practiced. Car boot sales and antique fairs are exceptions.
๐ซ๐ท France
Greeting: One or two cheek kisses (la bise) among acquaintances; handshake in formal settings. Bonjour first โ always โ before any request.
Shoes: Typically worn indoors.
Dining: - Meals are an occasion โ three or four courses is normal - Hands on the table (not in the lap) is correct French etiquette - Bread accompanies every meal; it is placed directly on the tablecloth - Do not ask for a takeaway box (doggy bag) โ it is changing but still culturally unusual
Tipping: Service is included (service compris). Leaving a few euros extra is appreciated but not expected.
Gift giving: Quality wine, flowers (not chrysanthemums โ funerary), quality chocolate or pastries.
Major taboos: Asking "how are you" to strangers; discussing money openly; not greeting bonjour when entering a shop.
Photography: Fine in most public spaces. Ask in markets.
Haggling: Not practiced.
๐ฉ๐ช Germany
Greeting: Firm handshake. "Guten Morgen/Tag/Abend." First names are used only after being invited; use Herr/Frau + surname otherwise.
Shoes: Many Germans remove shoes indoors โ follow the host's lead.
Dining: - Wait until everyone is served before eating - Guten Appetit before beginning - Round-glass signal with eyes before drinking (not doing so is said to bring bad luck) - Finishing everything on your plate is polite
Tipping: Round up to the nearest 5 or 10 euros, or add 5โ10%. Pay the waiter directly โ do not leave on the table.
Gift giving: Wine, chocolates, or quality flowers. Bring an odd number of flowers (even numbers are for funerals).
Major taboos: Nazi symbols, references, or salutes โ illegal and deeply offensive. Jaywalking is genuinely frowned upon.
Dress code: Smart casual for restaurants and events. Casual otherwise.
Photography: Privacy laws are strict โ do not photograph individuals without consent.
Haggling: Not practiced.
๐ฎ๐น Italy
Greeting: Handshake; close acquaintances: cheek kisses (left first). Buongiorno/Buonasera.
Shoes: Typically worn indoors.
Dining: - Cappuccino after 11 AM is a tourist marker โ locals drink espresso - Do not ask for cheese on seafood pasta (considered offensive to Italian food culture) - Meals are leisurely โ rushing a meal is rude - Coperto (cover charge) is normal โ check your bill
Tipping: Not mandatory; rounding up or leaving 1โ2โฌ per person is appreciated.
Gift giving: Quality wine, pastries, or regional specialties. Good quality anything.
Major taboos: Rushing meals; wearing beachwear in churches (shoulders and knees covered โ you will be turned away); knocking on wood at the wrong time.
Dress code: Shoulders and knees covered at churches. Smart casual for dinners.
Photography: Ask at churches. Rome has restrictions on photographs near the Trevi Fountain.
Haggling: Not in shops. San Lorenzo market and antique fairs: yes.
๐ช๐ธ Spain
Greeting: Cheek kisses are very common (two โ right cheek first), even with strangers in social settings. Handshakes in business.
Shoes: Typically worn indoors.
Dining: - Lunch (2โ4 PM) is the main meal - Dinner rarely before 9โ10 PM (tourist restaurants open earlier) - Tapas are meant to be shared - The bill: you may need to ask explicitly (la cuenta, por favor) โ it will not be brought automatically
Tipping: 5โ10% if pleased; not obligatory.
Gift giving: Quality wine, chocolates, or pastries from your home region.
Major taboos: Mentioning the Spanish Civil War carelessly; rushing meals.
Photography: Ask in markets. No photography in the Sagrada Famรญlia (as of recent rules โ check current policy).
Haggling: Not standard.
๐ณ๐ฑ Netherlands
Greeting: Three cheek kisses (right-left-right) among friends. Handshake in business. Dutch directness can surprise โ "be honest" is deeply valued.
Shoes: Many Dutch remove shoes at the door.
Dining: - Going "Dutch" (splitting the bill equally) originated here - Punctuality matters โ arriving late is disrespectful
Tipping: 5โ10% appreciated; not obligatory.
Photography: Generally relaxed. Ask in red-light district (photographing sex workers is prohibited).
Haggling: Not standard.
๐ธ๐ช Sweden
Greeting: Handshake. Swedes value personal space โ keep comfortable distance. Hej (hello) is casual and universally used.
Shoes: ๐ Almost always remove shoes indoors.
Dining: - Fika (coffee break with pastry) is a cultural institution - Punctuality for meals is expected - Toasting (skรฅl) with eye contact
Tipping: 5โ10% in nicer restaurants; increasingly digital tip options are offered.
Major taboos: Boasting or excessive self-promotion โ Janteloven (the Law of Jante) cultural norm discourages standing out.
Photography: Generally relaxed.
Haggling: Not practiced.
๐ท๐บ Russia
Greeting: Firm handshake; close friends: bear hug or cheek kisses. Always shake hands across a threshold is considered bad luck โ step inside first.
Shoes: ๐ Remove at homes. Hosts often provide tapochki (house slippers).
Dining: - Toasts are elaborate and heartfelt โ raising your glass and saying something meaningful is expected - Do not refuse vodka at a toast if offered โ declining is uncomfortable socially (juice is an acceptable alternative if you establish it early) - Empty bottles are placed on the floor, not the table
Tipping: 10โ15% at restaurants.
Gift giving: Quality wine, chocolates, flowers (odd numbers; not yellow flowers). Champagne is popular.
Major taboos: Discussing politics, Crimea, or Ukraine requires extreme care. Smiling at strangers is unusual โ a neutral expression is normal, not unfriendly.
Photography: No photography in metro stations, military areas, or near government buildings.
Haggling: Not common in shops.
๐ต๐ฑ Poland
Greeting: Firm handshake. Men may kiss a woman's hand in formal settings.
Shoes: Often removed at homes.
Dining: - Na zdrowie (to health) for toasts - Hospitality is generous โ accept food and drink - Hosts will press you to eat more; politely declining once or twice is the dance
Tipping: 10โ15% at sit-down restaurants.
Gift giving: Quality flowers (odd numbers), wine, chocolate, or whisky.
Major taboos: Mentioning World War II carelessly; comparing Polish history to Russian or German perspectives without nuance.
Photography: Generally relaxed.
Haggling: Antique markets yes. Shops no.
๐ฌ๐ท Greece
Greeting: Handshake. Close friends: cheek kisses (two โ right first). Yassas (formal) or Yassou (informal).
Shoes: Usually worn indoors.
Dining: - Meals are social and unhurried - Bread and olive oil always present - Mezedes (small shared dishes) are the Greek way to eat - Arguing over who pays the bill is a social tradition โ the host always wins
Tipping: 10% in restaurants. Rounding up for taxis.
Gift giving: Wine, honey, or quality pastries. Bringing something from your home region is appreciated.
Major taboos: Moutza โ holding the palm out toward someone is an extremely offensive gesture in Greece. Do not do it.
Photography: Ask in monasteries and Orthodox churches.
Haggling: Markets: yes. Shops: generally no.
OCEANIA
๐ฆ๐บ Australia
Greeting: Casual handshake or just "G'day." No bowing or formality needed. First names immediately.
Shoes: Usually worn indoors.
Dining: - Bring beer, wine, or food to a barbecue when invited (BYO = bring your own) - Tipping is not obligatory โ minimum wage is high - "Shouting" a round of drinks (buying for the group in turn) is culturally expected
Tipping: Not mandatory; 10% is appreciated for exceptional service.
Gift giving: Wine, chocolates. Practical and unpretentious gifts preferred.
Major taboos: Insulting sports teams; taking yourself too seriously (tall poppy syndrome); being perceived as arrogant.
Photography: Respect Indigenous sacred sites โ many prohibit photography. Always ask.
Haggling: Not common.
๐ณ๐ฟ New Zealand
Greeting: Handshake. Mฤori greeting: the hongi (pressing foreheads and noses together) is used at formal welcomes and ceremonies; follow the lead of the hosts.
Shoes: Remove at marae (Mฤori meeting grounds) and some homes.
Dining: - Hangi (earth oven feast) is a traditional Mฤori meal โ an invitation is an honor - BYO culture similar to Australia
Tipping: Not expected but appreciated for excellent service.
Major taboos: Disrespecting Mฤori culture, sites, or traditions.
Photography: Ask permission at marae and for portraits of elders.
Haggling: Not practiced.
LATIN AMERICA
๐ง๐ท Brazil
Greeting: Warm handshake or hug between men; women exchange cheek kisses (one in Sรฃo Paulo, two or three in Rio and elsewhere โ follow their lead). Physical contact and closeness is normal.
Shoes: Usually worn indoors.
Dining: - Meals are social and lengthy - The most famous meal: churrasco (BBQ) โ bring a hearty appetite - Service charge (10%) is often included
Tipping: 10% at restaurants. Not expected in cafes.
Gift giving: Good-quality chocolates, wine, or a gift representing your home region.
Major taboos: Making the "OK" gesture (thumb and forefinger circle) โ in Brazil this is an obscene gesture. Politics and Bolsonaro/Lula dynamics are sensitive.
Photography: Be cautious in favelas without a guide. Ask permission everywhere.
Haggling: Markets and artisan fairs: yes. Shops: no.
๐ฆ๐ท Argentina
Greeting: Cheek kiss (one) for everyone, including between men in social settings. Warm and close. Handshake in formal business.
Shoes: Usually worn indoors.
Dining: - Dinner is rarely before 9โ10 PM - Sharing mate (herbal drink) from the same gourd is a deep sign of acceptance - Beef is sacred โ vegetarian options are improving but still limited
Tipping: 10% at restaurants.
Major taboos: Calling anyone Brazilian; discussing the Falklands/Malvinas without care.
Photography: Generally relaxed.
Haggling: Antique markets yes. Shops no.
๐ฒ๐ฝ Mexico
Greeting: Handshake; friends: hug or cheek kiss. Very warm culture. Buenos dรญas/tardes/noches.
Shoes: Usually worn indoors.
Dining: - Meals are central to social life - Eating with hands is common (tacos, etc.) - Never refuse an offered food or drink outright without a reason
Tipping: 10โ15% at restaurants; tip hotel staff, guides, drivers.
Gift giving: Flowers (not white โ funerary), chocolates, or crafts.
Major taboos: Disrespecting Mexican Independence; reducing Mexican culture to stereotypes.
Photography: Ask at indigenous markets; churches may restrict.
Haggling: Markets and artisan stalls: yes.
๐จ๐ด Colombia
Greeting: Handshake; women: cheek kiss. Warm culture. ยฟCรณmo estรก usted? (formal) or ยฟQuรฉ mรกs? (casual).
Shoes: Usually worn indoors.
Dining: - Tinto (small black coffee) offered everywhere โ accept it - Lunch is the main meal
Tipping: 10% at restaurants. Drivers and guides appreciate tips.
Photography: Ask in markets and indigenous areas.
Haggling: Markets: yes. Shops: no.
๐บ๐ธ USA
Greeting: Handshake or "Hey!" / "How are you?" (rhetorical โ not an invitation for a detailed answer). Personal space is valued: arm's length distance.
Shoes: Usually worn indoors.
Dining: - Eating while walking or working is common - Portions are large; asking for a takeaway box is completely normal - Tipping is quasi-mandatory
Tipping: 15โ20% at sit-down restaurants; 15% for taxis; $1โ2 per drink at bars; $5+ per night for hotel housekeeping.
Gift giving: Wine, chocolates, or something from your home region.
Photography: Public spaces: free. Private property: ask. No photography in federal courthouses, military bases.
Haggling: Generally not practiced, except at car dealerships, some antique stores, and flea markets.
๐จ๐ฆ Canada
Greeting: Handshake. Similar to USA but generally slightly more reserved.
Shoes: ๐ Canadians typically remove shoes at the door โ do the same.
Dining: - Similar to USA
Tipping: 15โ20% expected, similar to USA.
Major taboos: Assuming Canadians are just American; hockey jokes that miss the mark.
Photography: Generally relaxed.
Haggling: Not practiced.
๐จ๐บ Cuba
Greeting: Handshake; friends: cheek kiss. Warm and open culture.
Dining: - Paladar (private restaurants) offer the best food - Jineterismo (hustling) is common โ be friendly but firm
Tipping: Essential โ peso wages are very low. Tip in CUC (foreign currency) or USD. Tip musicians, guides, drivers, restaurant staff.
Photography: Do not photograph police, military, or government buildings. Portraits: ask and offer a small tip.
Haggling: Markets yes. Shops run by the state: fixed prices.
๐ฏ๐ฒ Jamaica
Greeting: Warm handshake or fist bump. "Wha gwaan?" (What's going on?) is a friendly greeting.
Dining: - Food is central to culture โ jerk, patties, ackee - Meals can be slow โ "soon come" means soon-ish
Tipping: 10โ15% at restaurants; drivers and guides.
Photography: Ask permission, especially in rural communities. Rastafarian communities may resist.
Haggling: Craft markets: yes.
SOUTHEAST ASIA
๐ธ๐ฌ Singapore
Greeting: Handshake. Multi-ethnic (Chinese, Malay, Indian) โ adapt greeting to the individual.
Shoes: Remove at most homes and temples.
Dining: - Hawker centres (food courts) are culturally central - Chewing gum is technically restricted - Littering is heavily fined
Tipping: Not expected; service charge usually added in restaurants.
Dress code: Smart casual. Cover up at religious sites.
Photography: Security areas and government buildings: restricted.
Haggling: Little India and Chinatown markets: negotiable.
๐ฒ๐พ Malaysia
Greeting: Handshake; Muslim Malays may press the hand to the chest after instead of gripping firmly. Selamat pagi/petang/malam.
Shoes: ๐ Remove at mosques, Hindu and Buddhist temples, and many homes.
Dining: - Right hand for eating in Muslim contexts - Remove shoes before stepping into a prayer area in any home - Separate dining for halal/non-halal in multi-ethnic homes
Tipping: 10% in restaurants; appreciated but not required.
Dress code: Modest in Muslim areas and for all religious sites. Women cover head in mosques.
Photography: Ask at religious sites.
Haggling: Markets: yes.
๐ต๐ญ Philippines
Greeting: Mano po โ taking an elder's hand and pressing it to the forehead โ is a sign of respect for elders. Handshakes among peers.
Shoes: ๐ Remove at many homes.
Dining: - Kamayan (eating with hands from banana leaves) is a festive tradition - Guests are served first; eat when invited to begin
Tipping: 10% in restaurants; guides and drivers appreciate tips.
Gift giving: Food, sweets, or gifts from abroad are very well received.
Major taboos: Comparing Philippines to other Southeast Asian nations; sensitive political discussions.
Photography: Ask permission, especially in indigenous communities.
Haggling: Palengke (wet markets) and souvenir stalls: yes.
See also: 20-travel-navigation/travel-reference.md, 20-travel-navigation/language-basics.md